Assessing The Implementation Of a Planned Preventative Maintenance Programme - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Housing Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Assessing the implementation of a Planned Preventative Maintenance Programme for Strategic Estate Planning. In order to understand the implementation of a planned preventative maintenance programme for estate planning, one will first need to understand the practice of condition surveys and the meaning attached to the concept. The Audit Commission (1988), with regard to condition surveys have been critical of most local authority practice in the UK of estimating maintenance expenditure by simply taking a notional percentage of the property value, and urge the use of proper condition surveys to derive more accurate estimates of maintenance expenditure. Condition surveys should, however be commissioned for more than just budgeting purposes, as they have a wider application in the managing of building condition, Bargh (1987). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing The Implementation Of a Planned Preventative Maintenance Programme" essay for you Create order A major obstacle to carrying out the first comprehensive survey is the expense. On a national scale the UK building stock possesses very poor condition records and this represents a massive impediment to developing good maintenance management practices. Some progress has been made in recent years, particularly with respect to local authority buildings, where the prompting of the Audit Commission has had some effect. Within the private sector in the UK, there is still a startling reluctance amongst property managers to commit funding and commission detailed condition surveys of their buildings, Sahai (1987). Within the public sector as well condition surveys now being carried out are strictly limited in their scope. In many cases they are carried out for very specific purposes, usually related to financial management, rather than as part of a professional approach to managing building condition, Colston (1987).Condition surveys also include, building surveys, manual surveys, optical mark surveys, bar-code reader, hand-held computer, and reports. These are all used to carry out condition surveys. With this in mind one can now talk about the use of this concept in a planned preventative maintenance programme for strategic estate planning. The process of planning for maintenance work has much in common with the planning of any construction activity. Therefore the basic principles of planning should be firmly understood before considering maintenance planning specifically. As the nature of the product or activity becomes more complex a point is reached where it becomes necessary to commit some, or all, of this plan to paper and a formal programme is produced, Sahai(1987). At a simple level this may only involve writing dates into a diary whilst, at a more advanced level, the use of a powerful computer based management technique may be necessary. Planning as an intellectual process permeates all activities in one form or another, always with some ob jective in mind, whether or not this is overtly stated. The clear identification of objectives is an essential prerequisite of the whole process, but particularly prior to the committal of a plan to the formal programming process. In the construction industry, planning has all too often been afforded insufficient credence. In many cases this is because not enough attention is given to the purposes for which a plan is required, leading to a failure to produce programmes that are consistent with the planning objectives, Tavistock Institute (1966). This tends either to bring the planning process into disrepute, or to the setting up of an intensely bureaucratic management regime. Now, there are a number of aspects of maintenance that require planning, which may not necessarily be part of a formal planned maintenance programme. For example, it may have been decided to institute a programme of planned inspections to verify that statutory requirements are being fulfilled, or co nsidered prudent to operate a planned replacement policy, as part of a preventive maintenance programme, Chanter and Swallow (2005). This may operate separately from an on-going planned maintenance programme. Within any maintenance organisation there will be planned and unplanned work. The balance between the two will vary, depending on the nature of the organisation and its attitude to building maintenance. A low level of planned maintenance in an organisation does not necessarily reflect a poor attitude, as it may be appropriate for the given situation. It is quite possible to envisage a scenario where the introduction of a sophisticated planned system is not justifiable. For example, the owner of an estate consisting of one relatively simple building may choose to carry out all maintenance on demand, and plan only relatively obvious items, such as a redecoration every four years. The latter mentioned may be carried out on an ad-hoc basis. This closely mirrors the appr oach of the owner/occupier of a dwelling house, and is an inevitable consequence of work which is characterised by a large number of relatively small, low level operations and a small number of larger ones, Gibson (1979). The latter are more likely to be foreseeable ones, and hence planned for. They are likely to fall into two categories, namely, . A regular on-going requirement to perform certain operations, such as decoration. These tasks will tend to be cyclical in nature and, in theory at least, quite conveniently form part of a rolling programme. . Major renewal or repair projects which, from time-to-time become necessary. For example, there may be a programme instituted by a housing association to replace all flat roof coverings over a fixed time period. Some of these larger exercises fall into the category of what may be termed preventive maintenance, and need to have been subjected to a rigorous decision making process, Lees and Wordsworth (2001). For example, a decision to replace flat roof coverings ahead of failure is a preventive measure. In reaching this decision, account would have been taken of the disruption and possible consequential damage of not replacing until failure had occurred. In addition to this the aims of planned maintenance programmes with regard to estate planning are extremely diverse and, hence, many types of programmes will be encountered. The applications of the basic principles of planning are of paramount importance to estate planning, Chanter and Swallow (2005). In particular, it is essential to define the objectives of maintenance plans very accurately at the outset, to ensure their relevance, and to enable them to be realistically formulated. These objectives may include all or a combination of the following: . To help ensure that major defects are rectified and that the building fabric is maintained to a defined acceptable, safe and legally correct, standard. . To sustain the building conditio n at an acceptable level and prevent undue deterioration of the building fabric and services by preventive means. . To preserve the utility of the estate as an asset, and maintain its value . To maintain the engineering and utility services in an optimum condition to safeguard the environmental conditions of the building, and hence its productive capacity. . By effective planning, to ensure that maintenance is conducted, over a number of years, in a sensible sequence which reflects a careful consideration of priorities. . By proper planning, to ensure that maintenance operations are carried out in the most effective way to ensure that best value for money is being obtained and the best use is being made of scare resources. . To provide a tool for financial management, in particular budgetary control, and to assist maintenance managers in bidding for financial resources. . As part of a broader facilities management scenario, to assist management to relate program med repairs and maintenance to other demands and alternatives, such as refurbishment, redevelopment or changes in leasing policy. The characteristics of maintenance work make accurate and comprehensive long-term predictions rather difficult. It is therefore necessary to define carefully what is realistically possible, and have an explicit recognition of levels of uncertainty. Because of this all programmes will need to have built into them some flexibility to permit modification if necessary and up-dating in order to ensure their continuing relevance. CONCLUSION It will be worthwhile to conclude that although the relevance of condition surveys to the implementation of planned preventative maintenance programmes for strategic estate planning enables an efficient allocation of scare resources such as funds and management expertise through periodic inspections of a property portfolio; its practice in scope within the UK is rather limited. Hence, authorities such as the audit commission should promote and ensure that condition surveys are carried out at the beginning of an estate management plan in which an adherence should be complied to, so that resources with regard to property portfolio are used efficiently, rather than wasted.

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Environmental Art Essay - 1120 Words

Environmental art is a genre of art that was established in the late 1960’s and it was created by things found in nature to make a piece of art. Some of the the environmental art would be so large in size, that it would be considered to be monumental. This kind of art can not be moved without destroying it, and the climate and weather can change it. There are many reasons why an artist would create an environmental work of art, such as : to address environmental issues affecting earth today, to show things that could be powered by nature or be interactive with natural phenomenon (like lighting or earthquakes), or to show how people can co-exist with nature, or maybe use it as a means to help restore ecosystems in an aesthetic way.†¦show more content†¦Michael Hiezer’s piece, â€Å"Double negative† was built in Nevada, near the Mormon mesa. According to Double negative, â€Å"The trenches line up across a large gap formed by the natural shape of the mesa edge. Including this open area across the gap, the trenches together measure 1,500 feet long, 50 feet deep, and 30 feet wide.† Heizer just simply subtracted earth to create this work, he took away earth to create the two trenches and thus, creating negative space, and that is how he created a â€Å"double negative.† This piece was considered to be one of the first works to start the earth art movement. This piece was created to help show people how the earth can relate to art. Heizer’s piece â€Å"the city† is still a work in progress and has been a life-long project that is somewhere in the Nevada Desert. The site can not be visited by people yet since Heizer is still working on it. He is using â€Å"The complexes are made mostly of earth, and were inspired in part by Native American traditions of mound-building and the ancient cities of Central and South America.† Heizer states in regards to the City as, â€Å"Im building this work for l ater. 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Social work intervention in prevention and control of...

Social Work Intervention in Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS Introduction In India, HIV which causes AIDS appeared much later than any parts of the world. However, the disease is spreading with unprecedented rapidity and has now emerged as a serious socio-economic and public health problem. HIV and AIDS is a term in today’s world that has become synonymous with epidemic. The truth is that the HIV/ AIDS pandemic have affected not only the adults but even the youth and the children. Hence, it becomes all the more important to know the various interventions in the prevention and control of HIV and AIDS so that we all are able to live a safe and long life. Stigma and discrimination towards the victim and the family are the major obstacles†¦show more content†¦In providing care and support to the PLHA, the social workers are the front-runners in this battle against HIV and AIDS. There is abundant evidence that science-based HIV prevention is effective, especially when backed by high level political leadership, a national AIDS Prevention and Cont rol programme, adequate funding, and strong community involvement. Components of successful prevention efforts include clear and accurate communication about HIV/AIDS and methods to prevent. The vast majority of people living with HIV/AIDS in the developing world do not have access to treatment, as a result of limited health care infrastructures and the high cost of many medications. When we talk of care and support of people living with HIV and AIDS, there is a whole lot of intervention that comes under the umbrella of care and support. Social workers are the mainstay in all the intervention. They are the ones who are providing care and support to the PLHA without any discrimination. The primary aim of providing care and support is to prevent the spread of HIV including risk behaviour change for HIV+ve persons. 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Negotiation and Compliance An Article Analysis Free Essays

Dick Olver, chairman of BAE Systems, writes an empirical analysis of negotiation and ethical compliance in the article â€Å"Ethical Business Cultures†. His approach is that of an expert in both observation and experience in the analysis of negotiation and the behavioral aspects of corporate culture. Every successful enterprise requires the strong foundations of leadership and the willingness of the rest to believe in the vision of the leader and to follow him or her. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation and Compliance: An Article Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Olver understands this firsthand and believes that implementing change in the form of an ethical working environment is key to a company’s success and employee happiness, overall. Though he asserts that there is a chain of command in every business, ethics is one area where all members of a working team must work at equally. Therefore, though demonstrating the effective use of ethics begins at the top of an organization, it can only be sustained by all employees’ involvement in it’s continuation. Olver readily outlines the processes of both the means by which employees eagerly accept the ethical vision of the business leader and the constant need for management to reinforce ethical behavior. There are no apparent flaws in his reasoning, as his expertise in the business world serves as a seemingly credible source of both advice and information. Olver initially lists three ways in which managers can negotiate compliance with their employees. A manager must be aware of what is important and communicate this to employees faithfully. He or she, also must take responsibility for ethics â€Å"embedment† and not depend or delegate this upon others. Finally, Olver suggests that questions must be asked in order to gauge the current level of diversity and willingness to accept diversity within an organization if that company wishes to acquire global contracts. Olver also lists eight standards for leaders in an ethically and globally motivated environment. To annotate this extensive information, the most key aspects of his experience and advice will follow. Leaders must consciously implement and improve benchmarking, reporting, and transparency features of company goal achievement, as this helps to keep all employees and global partners abreast of current procedures. Similarly, laws and contracts must be upheld and protected, but not at the level that interactions within the company and with outside agencies would be so secret as to arouse suspicion. The key here is that transparency is of the utmost importance in gaining trust in employees, but that not everything can be completely transparent in any organization. Olver concludes his writing with an encouragement to all business leaders to help implement an ethical environment using his expertise and experience. His conclusions are that all business leaders must be strong and determined in practicing their negotiation skills with their employees. The fear of change is common in all business settings, therefore negotiating change within an organization must be the priority of the business leader. He or she must confront the fears of change and convince others to follow that new direction of fearlessness. Having the ability to lead and to instill trust and ethics in employees yields much satisfaction and takes great skill. This not only benefits the manager in their self-esteem in their ability to positively negotiate, but it helps employees to remain happy and productive while yielding great results for the company and the bottom line. How to cite Negotiation and Compliance: An Article Analysis, Papers

The Influence of the First World War on the Bolsheviks Power Seizure I

Question: To what extent can seizure of power by lenin and bolsheveiks in october 1917 be explained by the influence of the war? Answer: The First World War that occurred between the years 1914 to 1918 had both direct and indirect impact on the political, economic, and social systems of Russia. The last Tsar of Russia-Nicholas 2 had persisted in putting the Russian forces in the battlefield against the revolutionists and citizens wishes. The February 1917 Russian revolution led by different political groups including the Bolsheviks saw the ouster of Nicholas 2 and the imperial government (Van 2014, p. 177). The provisional government that took over had strengths and weakness. Some of the strengths include that it had the support of the Petrograd, a council that was democratically elected and thus accepted by citizens. Another strength was that the provisional government had the backing of the army generals and thus could be able to command authority across the state and internationally. The main weaknesses include first that it persisted on fighting in the war, which citizens were against, and that it did not bring up land reforms for majority peasants and was illegitimate as it was not duly elected. The Bolsheviks used different tactics to overthrow the provisional government. These included forming of the Red Army to fight the loyal forces and bring down the palace; infiltrating General Kornilovs army by Bolshevik lobbyists convincing them to revoke their loyalty to him and; the use of the All Power to Soviets strategy, where the soviets (councils) which could be democratically elected unlike the provisional government, could be given power to control the country. The events of October 1917 included the return of Vladimir Lenin from Finland, the influence of the soviets to support the overthrow, street demonstrations spearheaded by Bolsheviks and the Red Army that brought down the palace occupied by the provisional government and an eventual takeover of power by the Bolsheviks. The short-term factor that led to the revolution included the confusion in the Russian military camps of the Russian forces, making the country vulnerable to opposition agenda, which discouraged soldiers from continuing with a war. Long-term factors included deteriorating economic factors including high taxes, and social problems such as unemployment and rising food prices. One interpretation of the factors leading to the revolution was that Germany had funded the Bolsheviks to destabilize Russia, which had been more powerful under Nicholas 2. On the other hand, the First World War brought about economic and social problems in Russia making the citizens to demand a proper leadership that will get the country out of the war and bring about positive change. Strengths and the Weaknesses of the Provisional Government In regard to strengths first, the provisional government linked with the Petrograd, a soviet that was democratically elected and thus, had the support of a section of sailors, workers an even the Russian citizens (Van 2014, p. 177). The fact that the provisional government had helped bring down the TSA and Nicholas 2, gave it legitimacy in combination with the support of the Petrograd. As a result, it was able to stay in power since February 1917 to October, when the Bolsheviks took over. Another, strength is that majority of the Russian Army Generals, at the war front, backed the provisional government. As a result, it was able to hold on to power, successfully defeating the attempted coup by the Bolsheviks in July 1917, among other demonstrations. In terms of weaknesses first, the provisional governments persistence under Alexander Kerensky to continue with the war, which at this time was not supported by majority of the citizens came as his downfall (Van 2014, p. 177). However, the Russian armys final offensive under Kerensky that was unsuccessful against the Germans in June 1917 by the remaining loyal troupes failed. The morale of the army that was part of the provisional governments strength increasingly collapsed, especially influenced by Lenin and Bolsheviks who infiltrated the army and discouraged some sections from keeping loyal to the war and Kerensky (Bobroff 2013, p. 56). Secondly, the provisional government had not been duly elected and its adamancy in enacting land reforms made its hold on power gave the Bolsheviks the chance to turn the citizens against it. These were the major reasons for its downfall later in October 1917. The Key Tactics Used By Lenin The first tactic that Vladimir Lenin used to help the Bolsheviks take power was to form the Red Army, assisted by Leon Trotsky a politician and strategist. The army consisted of armed and trained workers. This army helped bring down the provisional governments buildings including the palace in the October 1917 offensive (Nikitinà Ã‚ ° 2014, p. 87-104). Secondly, Leon Trotsky and Lenin infiltrated General Kornilovs army with convincing messages that made the General lose their loyalty. The Generals attempt to overthrow the provisional government in August failed because of the Bolsheviks strategic influence of his loyal soldiers that made them to ignore his orders (Nikitinà Ã‚ ° 2014, p. 87-104). Lastly, Lenin used the All Power to Soviets strategy, where the soviets (councils) which were democratically elected unlike the provisional government, could be given power to control the country. Majority of citizens agreed to this and as the soviets were formed, they allowed the Bolshev iks to be the main leaders in the country, promising reforms and end to the war to the citizens. The Events of October 1917 In October 1917, Vladimir Lenin returned from Finland, where he had moved on exile, to spearhead the overthrow of Alexander Kerensky, the head of the provisional government. The Bolsheviks had formed the Red Army, which at this time was backed by several soldiers who had returned from the war, and had abandoned the war front against the Germans (Nikitinà Ã‚ ° 2014, p. 87-104). . The Bolsheviks influenced citizens against the provisional government by promising an end to the war, and land reforms, which could see peasants, regain the control of more and in Russia. Further, the Bolsheviks were supported by the Petrograd and the soviets, which had been duly elected. In fact, the shipping companies provided the Bolshevik Red Army with the ship that they used to bring down don the palace of the provisional government. The revolution was accompanied with huge street demonstrations against the government and later, the Red Army overthrew the government, giving powers to the Bolsheviks, su pported by majority of the soviets (Nikitinà Ã‚ ° 2014, p. 87-104). Therefore, Vladimir Lenin used the Soviets to gain power over the provisional government. Short term and Long term factors that Led to the Revolution As a long-term factor, the war influenced the deterioration of the economic state of Russia and thus the need to find a solution, a move that was envisaged in the Bolshevik agenda in their October 1917 revolution. Due to the long days of the war, there was increase in the cost of food and fuel within the state (Akarca 2011, p. 75). Inflation was also shooting day by day and this caused anarchy among the Russian population. Tsar government, later taken over by the provisional government under Kerensky, engaged most crucial resources to be used in the war. As a result, the government saw it fit to increase taxes in order for everyone to patriotically contribute to the war. However, the rising prices of food rendered the country ungovernable as it led to continuous rev0loutaiosn and demonstrations especially after the ouster of the Tsar Nicholas 2(Tarasova 2015, p. 34). The world wars influence especially on the economic sector of Russia provided the ripe opportunity for the Bolsheviks to sell their agenda to the people of Russia, who were really feeling the heat of the war. Secondly as a long-term factor, the world war led to lots of social problems in Russia, making the country ungovernable, and thus providing an opportunity for the opposition parties to gain civil support. On the onset of the war, many Russians moved to the cities to work in the military weaponry production companies (Tarasova 2015, p. 34). As the war continued, the transportation infrastructure and communication systems deteriorated, making it difficult for peasants to move their lesser products to the markets. The situation worsened when the agricultural sector plummeted, making the country to have a high demands for both food and fuel (Tarasova 2015, p. 34). Social movements including the first Soviet at Petrograd, Bolsheviks, and the Mensheviks among others moved in to agitate the civilians in their own different ways to demonstrate against the provisional government at different times of 1917. The factory workers, sailors among other groups of workers that formed Bolsheviks Red A rmy against the provisional government in October 1917 under Lenin had suffered the social problems and thus vulnerable to radicalization by these individuals (Nikitinà Ã‚ ° 2014, p. 87-104). Trotsky, who was a major partner and strategist, trained these groups prior to their armed battle to take over the palace and to oust the provisional government. Lastly, as a short-term factor, the war brought about confusion in the military camps of the Russian forces, making the country vulnerable to opposition agenda, which discouraged soldiers from continuing with a war, which they were likely going to lose, based on deteriorating economy, support, and the good will from citizens (Tarasova 2015, p. 34). The failure of the June offensive against Germany and the later failure of an attempted coup in August 1917 by the Russian army general Kornilov had a huge impact on the country. The failed revolt by Kornilov strengthened the Bolsheviks (Hughes 2009, p. 198). They were able to martial support brought back Lenin from Finland on exile, and made him the leader after the Bolsheviks took over power. Different Interpretations of the Factors The first interpretation of the above factors especially the growth in the influence of the Bolsheviks, is said to have been funded by the Germans. The overthrow of the powerful Tsar government early in February 1917 is said to have been assisted by the German funding of the Bolsheviks and the then provisional government by the enemy governments, which provided asylum for several individuals on exile including Lenin. The overthrow of the Nicholas 2 thus brought up the social and economic problems, which were crucial factors that contributed to the war. Another interpretation is that the social and economic factors that led to the October revolution were as a result of the First World War (Tarasova 2015, p. 34). The war made the government concentrate on funding loyal soldiers in battle, while ignoring reforms and the problems faced by citizens. In fact, the continued defeats and the countrys call for peace was the arsenal, used by the political parties such as the Bolsheviks and institutions like soviets, to stage the October 1917, revolution. In conclusion, this essay presents the strengths and weaknesses of Russias provisional government, the tactics used by the Bolsheviks to stage the October 1917 revolution, and the events of this particular revolution. The essay also includes a discussion on the short and long-term factors that led to Russias October 1917 revolution. Further, there the different interpretations of the factors that led to the revolution have been highlighted including the indication that Germany funded the initial and later revolutions and that the first world war influenced the economy and social status negatively triggering the revolution. References Van Ree, E. (2014). Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. Revolutionary Russia, 27(2), pp.175-177. Tarasova, E. (2015). Population of the Russian Empire`s Steppe Outskirts on the Eve of the Revolutions in 1917. izvasu. Nikitinà Ã‚ °, Y. (2014). The Color Revolutions and Arab Spring in Russian Official Discourse. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 14(1), pp.87-104. Hughes, M. (2009). Searching for the Soul of Russia: British Perceptions of Russia during the First World War. Twentieth Century British History, 20(2), pp.198-226. History's greatest heist: the looting of Russia by the Bolsheviks. (2009). Choice Reviews Online, 47(03), pp.47-1594-47-1594. Hampton, P. (2001). The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution 191927. Historical Materialism, 8(1), pp.491-506. Hale,, N. (1999). Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union Martin A. Miller. Isis, 90(4), pp.852-853. Curtiss, J. (1959). The Russian Revolutions of 1917. Russian Review, 18(1), p.76. Bobroff, R. (2013). The Russian Origins of the First World War. Revolutionary Russia, 26(1), pp.82-84. Akarca, H. (2011). Russian response to the Arab Revolutions in the light of the Color Revolutions. ijfs, 4(1), p.75.

SDN Overview of Network

Question: Discuss about the SDN Overview of Network. Answer: Introduction Software Defined Networking makes the network administrator job to be easier, flexible to manage the high demanded traffic of today. The huge network traffic congestion issues can be well mitigated with the new architectural components. Every new technology brings huge benefits, along with potential challenges that need to be addressed, at higher priority level. Software Defined Networking Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking approach that gives great flexibility to the network administrators to control and manage the services of the network, through high level functionality abstract. It provides emerging architecture that can be ideal for dynamic nature, higher bandwidth that suits the applications of today, by being manageable, adaptable, dynamic and cost-effective. ONF (Open Networking Foundation) group is associated with the standardization and development of the Social Defined Networking. So, SDN is, Directly Programmable Network control can be programmable directly, because of its decoupling from the forwarding functions. Centrally Managed In the SDN controllers, that are software based, Network intelligence is well centralized logically and network global view is maintained that could appear to the policy engines and applications as a logical and single switch. Agile The control can be abstracted, so that it lets the administrator able to adjust the traffic flow that is network wide, so that the dynamically changing needs could be met. Open standards-based and vendor-neutral SDN can simplify the design and operation of the network, as the instructions are proposed and given by the controller of the SDN, rather than vendor specific, multiple protocols and devices. Programmatically Configured SDN allows the managers of the network to configure, secure, optimize, manage the resources of the network very quickly through automated and dynamic programs of SDN, which can be easily written by the managers and these instructions are not dependent over the proprietary software. Architecture Figure: SDN System Architecture (Source, ONF) Key Concepts in SDN Architecture Business Applications Business applciations are the applications that are consumable by the customers, directly. These possibilities are supply chain managmenet, video conferencing and customer relationship management. Network and Security Services It is a functionality, through which the business applciations are enabled for perform securely and efficiently. Pure SDN Switch When a pure SDN switch is considered, traditional switch control functions are executed in the central controller. the switch functionality is entirely restricted to the data plane. Hybrid Switch When hybrid switch is considered, both the traditional switching protocols and SDN technologies can be operated and run simultaneously. The network manager can statistically configure the controller of the SDN so that the certain traffic flows can be identified, discovered and controlled, whereas the traditional and distributed networking protocols direct the remaining traffic is left directly. Hybrid Network Northbound API establishes the communication in between the business application layer and control layer. Southbound API The southbound API establishes communication in between infrastructure and control layer, through the OpenFlow, XMPP (eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol). Seurity Issues The security risks in implementing the SDN technology stand still in the state of infancy. Vectors for Attach There can be a security issue in the separation of forwarding plane and control plane. Usually, the archicture of SDN is divided into 3 different layers, called application, controller and infrastructure layers, while the last layer consists of the services and applciations that can configure and request the infrastructure of the SDN. These three are possible vectors fo attack and in addition to that, the security issue is further complex with the technology. Figure: SDN Security Attack Vectors The major issue with the SDN technology is that it relies over new encapsulation and overlay technique, for which many of the present tools of security cannot inspect and understand the traffic of the SDN. Data Layer, SouthBound There are many of the Southbound protocols and APIs, used by the SDN controller for communication over the network and each of them employs own securing communications, however, they are not developed with full security taken into consideration. The increased user-friendliness interface of the API created increased network surface attack of the network infrastructure. The network elements can be targeted and attacked right within the network itself. The attack can be by gaining unauthorized access, either virtually or physically to the network or even try to compromise the host to attack and the network elements and destabilize the networks. Controller Layer The SDN controller can be targeted for various intentions and purposes. The attack can be to instantiate new network flows by spoofing messages of either northbound or southbound messages towards better access to the network devices. When it is successful, then the traffic can be allowed to attack the SDN and can bypass the pre-defined policies for security. SDN Layer It is likely that the northbound protocol can be attacked. If the attack is possibly leveraged for the northbound APIs that are vulnerable, then SDN network will be in control of the attacker through the controller. the attacker can even create new and convenient policies for SDN to gain and access the environment of the SDN. Security Framework Securing Controller Layer Since the controller is considered as a key target attack, so it should be well hardened. Hardening the controller security posture, needs hardening of the host operating system. The best practices to harden the Linux servers public facing are made applicable. SDN systems should allow secure configuration and access that is authenticated by the administrator to controller. RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) policies are needed for administrators of the controllers. Audit trials and logging can be the best used to check for any possible unauthorized changes, performed by the administrators. In case, the controller is attacked for DoS, then High-Availability (HA) controller architecture can be beneficial. Redundant controllers of the SDN, though suffer from the loss, they still continue to function. It would definitely raise the expert level bar for the attacker, who tries to attack all of these controllers for DoS. In addition to that, the attacker wont be particularly stealthy and further aims of the attacker will remain undetected. Conclusion Software Defined Networks are as beneficial as security vulnerable. The technology of not only development of the SDN should be developed, but also make the security levels to be confident and hardened, otherwise the number of threats will be more than the benefits, yielding from the SDN. References B. McGillicuddy, "SDN security issues: How secure is the SDN stack?," SearchSDN, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://searchsdn.techtarget.com/news/2240214438/SDN-security-issues-How-secure-is-the-SDN-stack. Accessed: May 26, 2016. Benton, Kevin and Camp, L Jean and Small, Chris "Openflow vulnerability assessment".Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot topics in software defined networking. 2013 Braga, Rodrigo and Mota, Edjard and Passito, Alexandre "Lightweight DDoS flooding attack detection using NOX/OpenFlow".Local Computer Networks (LCN), 2010 IEEE 35th Conference, 2010. Jin, Ruofan and Wang, Bing "Malware detection for mobile devices using software-defined networking".Research and Educational Experiment Workshop (GREE), 2013 Second GEN, 2013 Kreutz, Diego and Ramos, Fernando and Verissimo, Paulo "Towards secure and dependable software-defined networks".Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot topics in software defined networking. 2013 R. Millman, "How to secure the SDN infrastructure," ComputerWeekly, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/How-to-secure-the-SDN-infrastructure. Accessed: May 26, 2016. S. Hogg, "SDN security attack vectors and SDN hardening," Network World, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2840273/sdn/sdn-security-attack-vectors-and-sdn-hardening.html. Accessed: May 26, 2016. Scott-Hayward, Sandra and O'Callaghan, Gemma and Sezer, Sakir (2013). "SDN security: A survey".Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS), IEEE SDN, 2013